Abstrakt
DOI: http://doi.org/10.26333/sts.xxxiii1.07
Davidson argues that metaphorical sentences express no propositional contents other than the explicit literal contents they express. He offers a causal account, on the one hand, as an explanation of the supposed additional content of a metaphor in terms of the effects metaphors have on hearers, and on the other hand, as a reason for the non-propositional nature of the “something more” that a metaphor is alleged to mean. Davidson’s account is meant to restrict the semantic notions of meaning, content, and truth, to literal sentences. I argue that the Davidsonian causal account does not satisfactorily account for metaphor’s figurativeness, speakers’ assertion and hearers’ uptake of metaphor, and our discursive practices of using metaphors in disagreements and argumentation. I offer a non-compositional analysis of a semantic account of metaphor within which one can make sense of the applicability of the notions of meaning and content to metaphor. This analysis shows that metaphorical sentences have meanings other than, and in addition to, their literal meanings and what speakers can use them to mean.
Bibliografia
Beardsley, M. (1962). Metaphorical Twist. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 22(3), 293–307.
Beardsley, M. (1978). Metaphorical Senses. Noûs, 12(1), 3–16.
Black, M. (1979). How Metaphors Work: A Reply to Donald Davidson. In: S. Sacks (Ed). On Metaphor (pp. 181–192). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Black, M. (1993). More About Metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and Thought. (2nd ed., pp. 19–41). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Camp, E. (2006a). Metaphor and that Certain “je ne sais quoi”. Philosophical Studies, 129(1), 1–25.
Camp, E. (2006b). Metaphor, Contextualism, and What Is Said. Mind & Language, 21(3), 280–309.
Camp, E. (2006c). Metaphor in the Mind: The Cognition of Metaphor. Philosophy Compass, 1(2), 154–170.
Camp, E. (2008). Showing, Telling, and Seeing: Metaphor and “Poetic” Language, The Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic, and Communication: A Figure of Speech: Metaphor, 3, 1–24.
Carston, R. (1988). Implicature, Explicature and Truth-Theoretic Semantics. In: R. M. Kempson (Ed.), Mental Representations: The Interface Between Language and Reality (pp. 155–81). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carston, R. (2002). Thoughts and Utterances: The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication. Oxford: Blackwell.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. (1980). Rules and Representations. New York: Columbia University Press.
Cobreros, P. (2008). Supervaluationism and Logical Consequence: A Third Way. Studia Logica, 90(3), 291–312.
Cohen, T. (1975). Figurative Speech and Figurative Acts. Journal of Philosophy, 72(19), 669–684.
Cooper, D. (1986). Metaphor. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Davidson, D. (1967). Truth and Meaning. In: D. Davidson (Ed.), Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation (pp. 17–42). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Davidson, D. (1979). What Metaphors Mean. In: S. Sacks (Ed), On Metaphor (pp. 29–45). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Davidson, D. (1984). Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Davies, M. (1982). Idiom and Metaphor. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, 83(1), 67–85.
Davies, S. (1984). Truth-Values and Metaphors. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 42(3), 291–302.
Dever, J. (2008). Compositionality. In E. Lepore, B. Smith (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Farrell, F. (1987). Metaphor and Davidsonian Theories of Meaning. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 17(3), 625–642.
Fine, K. (1975). Vagueness, Truth and Logic. Synthese, 30(3/4), 265–300.
Fodor, J., Lepore, E. (2002). The Compositionality Papers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Goodman, N. (1968). Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc.
Goodman, N. (1979). Metaphor as Moonlighting. Critical Inquiry, 6(1), 125–30.
Hall, A. (2009). Semantic Compositionality and Truth-Conditional Content. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, 109(1pt3), 353–364.
Hesse, M. (1987). Unfamiliar Noises II: Tropical Talk: The Myth of the Literal. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 61, 283–311.
Hesse, M. (1988). The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 2(1), 1–16.
Johnson, M. (2008). Philosophy’s Debt to Metaphor. In: R. Gibbs (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought (pp. 39–52). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Katz, J. (1973). Compositionality, Idiomaticity, and Lexical Substitution. In: S. R. Anderson, P. Kiparsky (Eds.), A festschrift for Morris Halle (pp. 357–376). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Keefe, R. (2000). Theories of Vagueness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keefe, R. (2008). Vagueness: Supervaluationism. Philosophy Compass, 3(2), 315–324.
King, J., Stanley, J. (2005). Semantics, Pragmatics, and the Role of Semantic Content. In: Z. Szabo (Ed.), Semantics Versus Pragmatics (pp. 111–64). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kracht, M. (2011). Interpreted Languages and Compositionality. Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, 89, 1–223.
Kwesi, R. (2018a). Metaphor, Truth, and Representation. In P. Stalmaszczyk (Ed.), Objects of Inquiry in Philosophy of Language and Linguistics (pp. 117–146). Berlin: Peter Lang.
Kwesi, R. (2018b). Resemblance and Identity in Wallace Stevens’ Conception of Metaphor. In K. Bartczak & J. Macha (Eds.). Wallace Stevens: Poetry, Philosophy, and Figurative Language (pp. 113–137). Berlin: Peter Lang.
Kwesi, R. (2019a). An Inferential Articulation of Metaphorical Assertions. RIFL, 13(1), 116–132.
Kwesi, R. (2019b). Davidson's Phenomenological Argument Against the Cognitive Claims of Metaphor. Axiomathes, 1–24.
Lasersohn, P. (2012). Contextualism and Compositionality. Linguistics and Philosophy, 35(2), 171–189.
Leddy, T. (1983). Davidson’s Rejection of Metaphorical Meaning. Philosophy & Rhetoric, 16(2), 63–78.
Lepore, E., Stone, M. (2010). Against Metaphorical Meaning. Topoi, 29(2), 165–180.
Lepore, E., Stone, M. (2015). Imagination and Convention: Distinguishing Grammar and Inference in Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Martinich, A. (1996). The Philosophy of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moran, R. (1989). Seeing and Believing: Metaphor, Image and Force. Critical Inquiry, 16(1), 87–112.
Nunberg, G., Sag, I. A., Wasow, T. (1994). Idioms. Language, 70(3), 491–538.
Pagin, P., Westerstahl, D. (2010a). Compositionality I: Definitions and Variants. Philosophy Compass, 5(3), 250–264.
Pagin, P., Westerstahl, D. (2010b). Compositionality II: Arguments and Problems. Philosophy Compass, 5(3), 265–282.
Recanati, F. (2004). Literal Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reimer, M. (2001). Davidson on Metaphor. In: P. A. French, H. K. Wettstein (Eds.), Midwest Studies in Philosophy, Volume 25: Figurative Language (pp. 142–55). Boston, Mass, Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Rorty, R. (1979). Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rorty, R. (1987). Unfamiliar Noises I: Hesse and Davidson on Metaphor. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes, 61, 283–311.
Rorty, R. (1989). Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sperber, D., Wilson, D. (1995). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.
Stanley, J. (2000). Context and Logical Form. Linguistics and Philosophy, 23(4), 391–434.
Stanley, J. (2002). Making it Articulated. Mind and Language, 17(1–2), 149–168.
Szabo, Z. (2010). The Determination of Content. Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 148(2), 253–272.
Tirrell, L. (1989). Extending: The Structure of Metaphor. Noûs, 23(1), 17–34.
Titone, D. A., Connine, C. M. (1999). On the Compositional and Noncompositional Nature of Idiomatic Expressions. Journal of Pragmatics, 31, 1655–1674.
Williamson, T. (1994). Vagueness. London: Routledge.